Laxman Lal Salvi and Babli Kumari*
Department of Economics, J. N. Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
Abstract
The present study shows the growth of education in Jammu and Kashmir during the period from 2005 to 2015. The study is based on secondary data collected from various research journals, books, and authentic websites, etc. The purpose of the study is to find the percentage growth of a total number of institution-higher secondary school and the growth of a total number of students on roll in higher secondary school, it finds through the simple formula in MS Excel and also finds the forecast improvement or trend of percentage growth of institution and students on roll in higher secondary school. The study found a positive growth in the number of the institutions of higher secondary school and the number of students on roll in higher secondary school and also found positive growth but not continuous.
Introduction
Education plays a significant role in life, it gives a better and quality life to an individual, education makes a person more mature, sensible and creative. Education is the essential part of any development. With the help of education, economically and socially, people developed and got better opportunities to earn their livelihood. Education gives equal opportunity to every citizen of the country; education is a means of social improvement and material wellbeing, especially for the economically and socially backward people. Education is a constructor of Economic growth; it is a powerful tool to boost the economy of a country. Education increases productivity and creativity. Skilled workers boost the production to increase the income of the nation, which helps growth of economy of a country sustainably.
Review of literature
According to Cole (2009), “Literacy, primary education, secondary education and tertiary education have been consistently shown to have different sized effects on development and relates to different casual mechanism, primary and secondary education having large effect on basic work productivity while higher education has a larger effect on technological innovation.”
According to Bordoloi, (2011), “Education is pre-requisite for the acquisition of knowledge, increasing skills, developing attitudes and values etc. and creates the human capital for the benefits of the society or for the country as a whole”.
Status of Higher Education in Jammu and Kashmir:
“Education is the most important part for social, economic and political transformation.” In the State, there were 24265 public educational institutions and 5292 private educational institutions. The overall number of students enrolled has also climbed to 27.41 lakhs. In the 2012-13 school year, the State’s dropout rate fell to 11%.
Jammu and Kashmir reached numerous milestones in higher education over the years. In 1950-51, there were only seven colleges offering education, one of them was for female students. The number of colleges expanded to 33 in 1999-2000, including 07 women’s colleges. The number of colleges had climbed to 95 by 2013-14, with 12-women degree colleges. In the State, there are two Central Universities, one in Jammu and one in Srinagar. The State also has five Universities, including two State Universities, two Government-aided Universities with a total enrollment capacity of 11400 students. Furthermore, 15 offsite campuses of the Universities of Kashmir and Jammu have been sanctioned, with a campus now operational, largely in rural locations.
“The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) aspires to provide universal access and retention, close gender
and social inequities in enrollment, and improve all children’s learning levels. The SSA offers programmes that emphasis on girls’ education, such as the National Program for Education of Girls at the Elementary Level (NPEGEL) and the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) residential school system. During the current fiscal year, the MHRD approved 5032 children for nomadic seasonal centers, 40 elementary school for upgradation, and 4076 girls enrolled in KGBVs”.
Objectives:
- To Find the growth of institutions of Higher Secondary school.
- To analyse the growth of the total number of on-roll students in higher secondary school.
- To know the growth of the total number of teachers.
Source of data:
In this paper, the research is based on secondary data, the data was collected from various sources, include official websites and reports of MHRD, Department of Education and Journals, etc.
Data Analysis:
The secondary data was collected for research from the year 2005-2015 to find the percentage growth for the selected indicator calculated with the help of simple formula in MS Excel. Trend and forecasting data also calculated with the help of a pre-installed forecast function in MS Excel.
Result:
Total number of Institutions-Higher Secondary School (TNIHSS)
Table: – 1. The table shows the percentage growth of the total number of institutions higher secondary schools (TNIHSS) and its forecast. The percentage growth in total numbers of institutions higher secondary school showed an average 18.0125% positive growth in the year 2006-2013, in the year 2014 there is highest negative growth of -31.0%, then it again shows a slightly positive growth of 0.2% in the year 2015, it will remain positive shown in Graph 1.
| Table-1-Total number of Institutions-Higher Secondary School with forecast and % growth | |||||
| Existing | Forecast | ||||
| Year | TNIHSS | % growth | Year | TNIHSS | % growth |
| 2005 | 1460 | 2015 | 3291 | 0.2 | |
| 2006 | 1511 | 3.5 | 2016 | 4430 | 34.6 |
| 2007 | 2184 | 44.5 | 2017 | 4677 | 5.6 |
| 2008 | 2369 | 8.5 | 2018 | 4924 | 5.3 |
| 2009 | 3123 | 31.8 | 2019 | 5171 | 5.0 |
| 2010 | 3169 | 1.5 | 2020 | 5418 | 4.8 |
| 2011 | 3519 | 11.0 | 2021 | 5664 | 4.6 |
| 2012 | 3769 | 7.1 | 2022 | 5911 | 4.4 |
| 2013 | 4757 | 26.2 | 2023 | 6158 | 4.2 |
| 2014 | 3283 | -31.0 | 2024 | 6405 | 4.0 |
| 2015 | 3291 | 0.2 | 2025 | 6652 | 3.9 |
| Source: State Project Director Samagra Shiksha (UDISE+) forecast and %growth was calculated by the researcher with existing data | |||||
Total number of students on roll – Higher Secondary school (TNTHSS)
Table – 2 The table shows the percentage growth in the total number of students on roll showed -15.6% negative in the year 2006 followed by 63.5% positive improvement in the year 2007, in the year 2008 it shows -4.4% negative growth, in the year 2009-2010 it again shows the 12.6% average positive growth, in the year 2011-2012 observed 10.2% average negative growth. Then it observes positive growth in further years whereas in forecast calculation, the percentage of growth started with negative then it comes to positive growth it will show in Graph 2.
| Table-2-Total number of Students on roll (lakhs)-Higher Secondary School with forecast and % growth | |||||
| Existing | Forecast | ||||
| Year | TNSORHSS | % growth | Year | TNSORHSS | % growth |
| 2005 | 3.6 | 2015 | 7.66 | 11.2 | |
| 2006 | 3.04 | -15.6 | 2016 | 7.10 | -7.3 |
| 2007 | 4.97 | 63.5 | 2017 | 7.42 | 4.4 |
| 2008 | 4.75 | -4.4 | 2018 | 7.73 | 4.3 |
| 2009 | 5.8 | 22.1 | 2019 | 8.05 | 4.1 |
| 2010 | 5.98 | 3.1 | 2020 | 8.36 | 3.9 |
| 2011 | 4.94 | -17.4 | 2021 | 8.68 | 3.8 |
| 2012 | 4.79 | -3.0 | 2022 | 8.99 | 3.6 |
| 2013 | 4.89 | 2.1 | 2023 | 9.31 | 3.5 |
| 2014 | 6.89 | 40.9 | 2024 | 9.62 | 3.4 |
| 2015 | 7.66 | 11.2 | 2025 | 9.94 | 3.3 |
| Source: State Project Director Samagra Shiksha (UDISE+) forecast and %growth was calculated by the researcher with existing data | |||||
Conclusion:
In this, total number of institutions- higher secondary schools, the highest positive growth was observed in the year 2007 and lowest in the year 2015. The highest negative percentage growth was observed in the year 2014, and the forecast observed positive growth.
The highest positive percentage growth observed in the total number of students on roll- higher secondary school was in the year 2007 and lowest in the year 2013. The highest negative percentage growth was observed in the year 2011. However, the forecasted growth rate was observed positively.
References:
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https://kashmirlife.net/economicsurvey-2014-15-a-generalreview-78263/
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165
- J&K Economic Survey, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, J&K, Issues of 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014- M15 Vol 1.
- World Economic Forum (2016) Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016 http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2015-2016/education/#view/fn-53.
